Лако-красочные материалы — производство

Virtually every conceivable chromophore has been used in the synthesis of reac­tive dyes, including monoazo and disazo species, metal complexes of azo dyes, formazan dyes, anthraquinones, triphenodioxazines, and phthalocyanines. The product lines offered by the major dye producers in most cases feature compar­able chromophores, differing primarily in the nature of the reactive systems and the […]

The introduction of more than two anchor groups has only a minor influence on dye fixation characteristics, so multiple-anchor dyes play only a subordinate role in the world market. One example is a multiple-anchor system, in which cyanuric chloride is bound to an amine with two aliphatic 2-chloroethylsulfonyl chains (16) [36]: 16

Since the mid-1980s considerable interest has been shown in strongly fixing reactive dyes, and the required high fixation values have increasingly been achieved with the aid of double anchors. Double-anchor dyes can be divided into two categories: those containing two equivalent reactive groups, and those with mixed-anchor systems. The first group includes structures in which […]

Most mono-anchor dyes are derivatives of cyanuric chloride (2,4,6-trichloro- 1,3,5-triazine [105-77-0]), a molecule of wide synthetic potential because the three chlorine atoms on the triazine ring differ in their reactivities [12]. The first chlorine atom exchanges with nucleophiles in water at 0 — 5 °C, the second at 35 — 40 °C, and the third […]

Contrary to other dye groups reactive dyes are characterized by known chromo — phore systems, as described in this book, and by bearing various reactive moeties in their molecules. Thus, dye systems which are used to form reactive dyes com­prise all industrial important groups of dyes. Consequently, the classification in this section is primarily according […]

3.1 Reactive Dyes 3.1.1 Introduction The most important distinguishing characteristic of reactive dyes is that they form covalent bonds with the substrate that is to be colored during the applica­tion process. Thus, the dye molecule contains specific functional groups that can undergo addition or substitution reactions with the OH, SH, and NH2 groups present in […]

Notable advances have been made in recent years in triphenodioxazine dyes. Tri- phendioxazine direct dyes have been known for many years; C. I. DirectBlue 106, 51300 [6527-70-4] (13) is a typical dye. Resurgence of interest in triphendioxazine dyes arose through the successful modification of the intrinsically strong and bright triphendioxazine chromogen to produce blue reactive […]

Formazan dyes bear a formal resemblance to azo dyes, since they contain an azo group, but have sufficient structural dissimilarities to be considered as a separate class. The most important formazan dyes are the metal complexes, particularly copper complexes, of tetradentate formazans (see Section 2.10.3). They are used as reactive dyes for cotton; (12) is […]

Stilbene dyes are in most cases mixtures of dyes of indeterminate constitution that are formed from the condensation of sulfonated nitroaromatic compounds in aqueous caustic alkali, either alone or with other aromatic compounds, typically arylamines [1]. The sulfonated nitrostilbene (10) is the most important nitroaro­matic, and the aminoazobenzenes are the most important arylamines. C. I. […]

These dyes are now of only minor commercial importance, but are of interest for their small molecular structures. The early nitro dyes were acid dyes used for dye­ing natural animal fibers such as wool and silk. They are nitro derivatives of phe­nols, e. g., picric acid (4) or naphthols, e. g., C. I. Acid Yellow […]