19 августа, 2015 
Pokraskin 1.1
General Aspects
1.1.1
History, Classification, Standards
1.1.1.1
Definition
The word “pigment” is of Latin origin (pigmentum) and originally denoted a color in the sense of a coloring matter, but was later extended to indicate colored decoration (e. g., makeup). In the late Middle Ages, the word was also used for all kinds of plant and vegetable extracts, especially those used for coloring. The word pigment is still used in this sense in biological terminology; it is taken to mean dyestuffs of plant or animal organisms that occur as very small grains inside the cells or cell membranes, as deposits in tissues, or suspended in body fluids.
The modern meaning associated with the word pigment originated in the 20th century. According to accepted standards (Table 1.1, “Coloring materials: Terms and definitions”), the word pigment means a substance consisting of small particles that is practically insoluble in the applied medium and is used on account of its coloring, protective, or magnetic properties. Both pigments and dyes are included in the general term “coloring materials”, which denotes all materials used for their coloring properties. The characteristic that distinguishes pigments from soluble organic dyes is their low solubility in solvents and binders. Pigments can be characterized by their chemical composition, and by their optical or technical properties. In this introductory section, only inorganic pigments used as coloring materials are discussed.
Extenders (fillers) are substances in powder form that are practically insoluble in the medium in which they are applied. They are usually white or slightly colored, and are used on account oftheir physical or chemical properties. The distinction between an extender and a pigment lies in the purpose for which it is used. An extender is not a colorant, it is employed to modify the properties or increase the bulk (volume) of a given material. Extenders are beyond the scope of this book and will not be discussed in detail.
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Key words |
ISO |
EN |
ASTM |
DIN |
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Acidity/alkalinity Aluminum pigments and pastes: |
787-4 |
D1208 |
ISO 787-4 |
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Sampling and testing |
D 480 |
55923 |
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Specification Barium chromate pigments: |
1247 |
D 962 |
55923 |
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Specification |
2068 |
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Bleeding Carbon black pigments (see also lampblack): |
787-22 |
D 279 |
53775-3 |
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Black value |
55979 |
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Solvent-extractable material |
D 305 |
55968 |
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Specification Cadmium pigments: Specification Chalking degree: |
4620 |
D 561 |
55968 |
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Adhesive tape method |
4628-6 |
EN ISO 4628-6 |
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KEMPF method |
D 4214 |
53159 |
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Change in Strength (see ease ofdispersion and PVC) Chemical resistance Chlorides, water-soluble (see matter soluble) Chromium oxide pigments: |
2812-1 |
ISO2812-1 |
EN ISO 2812-1 |
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Specification |
4621 |
D 263 |
ISO 4621 |
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Climates: |
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containing evaporated water |
50017 |
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Standardized |
554 |
50014 |
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Open air SO2 atmosphere |
6988 |
ISO6988 |
EN ISO 6988 |
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Coating materials: |
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Terms and definitions |
4618-1 to 4618-3 |
971-1 |
EN 971-1 55945 |
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Color differences: |
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CIELAB |
7724-3 |
D 1729 D 2244 E 308 |
6174 |
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Conditions/evaluation ofmeasurements |
7724-2 |
53236 |
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“DIN 99” |
6176 |
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Significance Color in full-shade systems: |
55600 |
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Black pigments |
787-1 |
D 3022 |
55985-2 |
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Colored Pigments |
787-1 |
D 3022 |
55985 |
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White pigments |
787-1 |
D 2805a |
55983 |
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Coloration ofbuilding materials |
EN 12878 |
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Colorimetry |
7724-1 |
E 259 |
5033-1 to 5033-9 |
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7724-2 7724-3 |
E 308 |
6174 |
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Coloring materials: |
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Classification |
55944 |
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Terms and definition |
4618-1 |
971-1 |
55943 EN 971-1 |
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Key words |
ISO |
EN |
ASTM |
DIN |
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Corrosion testing: |
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NaCl |
9227 |
B 117 |
50021 |
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SO2 |
6988 |
ISO 6988 |
EN ISO 6988 |
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Density: |
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Centrifuge method |
787-23 |
ISO 787-23 |
EN ISO 787-23 |
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Pycnometer method |
787-10 |
D 153 |
EN ISO 787-10 |
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Dusting behavior of pigments: |
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Drop method |
55992-2 |
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Dusting value |
55992-1 |
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Ease ofdispersion: |
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Alkyd resin and alkyl-melamine system: |
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Hardening by oxidation |
53238-30 |
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53238-33 |
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Stoving type |
53238-34 |
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Automatic muller |
8780-5 |
ISO 8780-5 |
D 387 |
EN ISO 8780-5 |
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Bead mill |
8780-4 |
ISO 8780-4 |
EN ISO 8780-4 |
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Change in gloss |
8781-3 |
ISO 8781-3 |
EN ISO 8781-3 |
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Change in tinting strength |
8781-1 |
ISO 8781-1 |
EN ISO 8781-1 |
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Fineness ofgrind (see below) |
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High speed impeller mill |
8780-3 |
ISO 8780-3 |
EN ISO 8780-3 |
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Introduction |
8780-1 |
ISO 8780-1 |
EN ISO 8780-1 |
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Oscillatory shaking machine |
8780-2 |
ISO 8780-2 |
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Triple roll mill |
8780-6 |
ISO 8780-6 |
EN ISO 8780-6 |
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Fineness ofgrind |
1524 |
D 1210 |
EN ISO 1524 |
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8781-2 |
ISO 8781-2 |
EN ISO 8781-2 |
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Heat stability (see also PVC) |
787-21 |
D 2485 |
53774-5 |
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Hiding power: |
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Contrast ratio |
6504-3 |
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Pigmented media |
6504-1 |
D 2805a |
55987 |
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Wedge-shaped layer |
55601 |
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White and light gray media |
D 2805a |
55984 |
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Hue of near-white specimens |
55980 |
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Hue relative to near-white specimens |
55981 |
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Iron blue pigments: |
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Methods ofanalysis |
2495 |
D 1135 |
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Specification |
2495 |
D 261 |
EN ISO 2495 |
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Iron, manganese oxide pigments: |
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Methods ofanalysis |
1248 |
D 50 |
ISO 1248 |
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Natural, specification |
1248 |
D 3722 |
ISO 1248 |
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Sienna, specification |
1248 |
D 765 |
ISO 1248 |
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Umber, specification |
1248 |
D 763 |
ISO 1248 |
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Iron oxide pigments: |
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Black, specification |
1248 |
D 769 |
ISO 1248 |
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Brown, specification |
1248 |
D 3722 |
ISO 1248 |
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D 3724 |
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FeO content |
D 3872 |
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Methods ofanalysis |
1248 |
D 50 |
55913-2 |
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ISO 1248 |
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Key words |
ISO |
EN |
ASTM |
DIN |
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Red, specification |
1248 |
D 3721 |
55913-1 ISO 1248 |
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Yellow, specification Lampblack pigments: |
1248 |
D 768 |
ISO 1248 |
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Specification Lead chromate pigments: |
D 209 |
55968 |
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Method of analysis |
3711 |
D 126 |
ISO 3711 |
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Specification Lead chromate/phthalocyanine blue pigments: |
3711 |
D 211 |
ISO 3711 |
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Methods of analysis Specification |
D 126 |
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Lead chromate green pigments: |
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Methods of analysis Specification |
D126 |
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Lead red (see red lead) Lead silicochromate pigments (basic): |
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Methods of analysis |
D 1844 |
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Specification Lead white (see white lead Light stability (see also resistance to light): |
D 1648 |
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Short test |
11341 |
EN ISO 11341 |
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Lightening power of white pigments Lightness: |
787-17 |
D 2745 |
55982 |
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White pigment powders Lithopone pigments: |
53163 |
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Specification |
473 |
D 3280 |
55910 |
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Matter soluble in HCl: |
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Content of As, Ba, Cd, Co, Cr, Cr(VI), Cu, |
3856-1 |
D 3718a |
53770-1 |
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Hg, Mn, Ni, Pb, Sb, Se, Zn |
to 3856-7 |
D 3618a D 3624a D 3717a |
to 53770-15 |
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Preparation of extract |
6713 |
52770-1 |
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Matter soluble in water: |
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Chlorides |
787-13 |
EN ISO 787-13 |
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Cold extraction |
787-8 |
ISO 787-8 |
D 2448 |
EN ISO 787-8 |
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Cr(VI) content |
53780 |
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Hot extraction Nitrates: |
787-3 |
ISO 787-3 |
D 2448 |
EN ISO 787-3 |
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Nessler reagent |
787-13 |
EN ISO 787-13 |
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Salicylic acid method |
787-19 |
ISO 787-19 |
EN ISO 787-19 |
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Sulfates |
787-13 |
EN ISO 787-13 |
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Matter volatile |
787-2 |
ISO 787-2 |
D 280 |
EN ISO 787-2 |
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Molybdenum orange pigments: Methods of analysis |
3711 |
D 2218 |
ISO 3711 |
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Nitrates, water soluble (see matter soluble) Oil absorption |
787-5 |
ISO 787-5 |
D 281 D 1483 |
EN ISO 787-5 |
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Opacity: paper, cardboard |
2471 |
53146 |
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Key words |
ISO |
EN |
ASTM |
DIN |
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Particle size analysis: |
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Representation: |
D1366 |
53206-1 |
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Basic terms |
9276-1 |
66141 |
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Logarithmic normal diagram |
66144 |
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Power function grid |
66143 |
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RRSB grid |
66145 |
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Sedimentation method: |
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Balance method |
66116-1 |
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Basic standards |
66111 |
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Pipette method |
66115 |
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pH value |
787-9 |
ISO 787-9 |
D 1208 |
EN ISO 787-9 |
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Phtalocyanine pigments: |
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Methods ofanalysis |
D3256 |
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PVC, nonplasticized: |
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Basic mixture |
53774-1 |
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Heat stability |
53774-5 |
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Test specimen preparation |
53774-2 |
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PVC, plasticized: |
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Basic mixture |
V 53775-1 |
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Bleeding |
53775-3 |
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Change in strength |
EN 13900-2 |
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Heat stability, in oven |
EN 12877-1 + 3 |
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Heat stability, mill aging |
EN 12877-1 + 4 |
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Test specimen preparation |
53775-2 |
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Red lead: |
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Specification |
510 |
D 49 |
55916 |
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D 83 |
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Reflectance factor; paper, cardboard: |
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Fluorescent |
53145-2 |
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Nonfluorescent |
2469 |
53145-1 |
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Reflectometer (gloss assessment) |
2813 |
E 430 |
67530 |
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D 523 |
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Residue on sieve: |
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By water |
787-7 |
53195 |
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Mechanical method |
787-18 |
ISO 787-18 |
EN ISO 787-18 |
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Resistance to light |
787-15 |
ISO 787-15 |
EN ISO 787-15 |
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Resistivity, aqueous extract |
787-14 |
D 2448 |
EN ISO 787-14 |
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Sampling: |
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Terms |
15528 |
D 3925 |
EN ISO 15528 |
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Solid material |
15528 |
D 3925 |
EN ISO 15528 |
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Scattering power, relative: |
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Gray paste method |
787-24 |
ISO 787-24 |
EN ISO 787-24 |
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Black ground method |
53164 |
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Specific surface area: |
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BET method |
ISO 9277 |
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N2 adsorption |
66132 |
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Permeability techniques |
66126-1 |
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Standard depth ofshade: |
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Specimen adjustment |
53235-2 |
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Key words |
ISO |
EN |
ASTM |
DIN |
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Standards |
53235-2 |
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Strontium chromate pigments: |
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Specification |
2040 |
D 1845 |
55903 |
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Sulfates, water-soluble (see matter soluble) SO2 resistance |
3231 |
53771 EN ISO 3231 |
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Tamped volume Test evaluation: |
787-11 |
ISO 787-11 |
EN ISO 787-11 |
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Scheme Thermoplastics: |
4628-1 |
EN ISO 4628-1 |
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Basic mixtures |
53773-1 |
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Heat stability |
EN 12877-1 + 2 |
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Test specimen preparation Tinting strength, relative: |
53773-2 |
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Change in — |
8781-1 |
ISO 8781-1 |
EN ISO 8781-1 |
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Photometric |
787-24 |
ISO 787-24 |
D 387 |
55986 / 55603 |
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Visual |
787-16 |
ISO 787-16 |
EN ISO 787-16 |
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Titanium dioxide pigments: |
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Methods of analysis |
591-1 |
D 1394 D 3720 D 3946 |
55912-2 |
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Specification |
591-1 |
D 476 |
55912-2 |
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Test methods |
591-1 |
D 4563 D 4767 D 4797 |
55912-2 |
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Transparency: |
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Paper, cerdboard |
2469 |
53147 |
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Pigmented/unpigmented systems Ultramarine pigments: |
55988 |
|||
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Methods ofanalysis |
D 1135 |
|||
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Specification |
788 |
D 262 |
55907 |
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Viscosity |
2884-1 |
D 2196 |
53229 |
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Weathering in apparatus |
4892-1 to 4 |
EN ISO 11341 |
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11341 |
EN ISO 4892-2 |
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White lead: |
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Methods ofanalysis |
D 1301 |
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Specification Zink chromate pigments: Specification Zink dust pigments: |
1249 |
D 81 |
55902 |
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Methods ofanalysis |
713 |
|||
|
714 |
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3549 |
D 521 |
EN ISO 3549 |
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Specification Zink oxide pigments: |
3549 |
D 520 |
EN ISO 3549 |
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Methods ofanalysis |
D 3280 |
55908 |
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Specification Zink phosphate pigments: |
D 79 |
|||
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Methods ofanalysis |
6745 |
ISO 6745 |
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Specification |
6745 |
ISO 6745 |
1.1.1.2
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