Лако-красочные материалы — производство

Natural inorganic pigments have been known since prehistoric times. Over 60,000 years ago, natural ocher was used in the Ice Age as a coloring material. The cave paintings of the Pleistocene peoples of southern France, northern Spain, and north­ern Africa were made with charcoal, ocher, manganese brown, and clays, and must have been produced over 30,000 years ago. About 2000 BC, natural ocher was burnt, sometimes in mixtures with manganese ores, to produce red, violet, and black pig­ments for pottery. Arsenic sulfide and Naples yellow (a lead antimonate) were the first clear yellow pigments. Ultramarine (lapis lazuli) and artificial lapis lazuli (Egyp­tian blue and cobalt aluminum spinel) were the first blue pigments. Terra verte, malachite, and a synthetically prepared copper hydroxychloride were the first green pigments. Colored glazes for bricks (i. e., ceramic pigments) were widely used by the Chaldeans. Calcite, some phases of calcium sulfate, and kaolinite were the white pigments used at that time.

Painting, enamel, glass, and dyeing techniques reached an advanced state of de­velopment in Egypt and Babylon. A synthetic lapis lazuli (a silicate of copper and calcium) is still known as Egyptian blue. Antimony sulfide and galena (lead sulfide) were commonly used as black pigments, cinnabar as a red pigment, and ground cobalt glass and cobalt aluminum oxide as blue pigments. According to Plutarch, the Greeks and Romans did not regard the art of dyeing very highly, and made very little contribution to the development of new pigments. Pliny (23-79 AD) describes the pigments orpigment, realgar, massicot, red lead, white lead, verdigris, and pigments laked with alum, as well as the pigments already listed above. Certain types of chalk and clay were used as white pigments.

From the age of the migration of the peoples (fourth to sixth century AD) to the end of the late Middle Ages, there were no notable additions to the range of coloring materials. The reinvented pigment Naples yellow and certain dyestuffs for textiles from the orient were the only innovations. New developments in the field of pigments first occurred during the early Renaissance. Carmine was introduced from Mexico by the Spanish. Smalt, safflore, and cobalt-containing blue glasses were developed in Europe.

The pigment industry started in the 18th century with products such as Berlin blue (1704), cobalt blue (1777), Scheele’s green, and chrome yellow (1778).

In the 19th century, ultramarine, Guignet’s green, cobalt pigments, iron oxide pigments, and cadmium pigments were developed in quick succession.

In the 20th century, pigments increasingly became the subject of scientific in­vestigation. In the past few decades, the synthetic colored pigments cadmium red, manganese blue, molybdenum red, and mixed oxides with bismuth came onto the market. Titanium dioxide with anatase or rutile structures, and acicular zinc oxide were introduced as new synthetic white pigments and extenders, respectively. Lus­ter pigments (metal effect, pearl/luster, and interference pigments) have assumed increasing importance.

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