Лако-красочные материалы — производство

2.8.3.1 Sulfur Bake and Polysulfide Bake Dyes Research by Zerweck et al. [2] suggests that many bake dyes contain thiazole rings. It was already known that dehydrothio-j9-toluidine, which can be made by sulfur baking of ^-toluidine, and primulin bases, which are formed at higher tem- By melting C. I. Sulphur Yellow4,53160 [1326-75-6] (prepared by sulfur […]

Sulfur dyes are synthesized by heating aromatic or heterocyclic compounds as amines, phenols, or nitro compounds with sulfur or, more usually, alkali metal polysulfides. Unlike most other dye types, it is not easy to define a chromogen for the sulfur dyes. It is likely that the chromophore of Sulfur Bake and Polysulfide Bake Dyes consists […]

2.8.1 Introduction Sulfur dyes are a special class of dyes with regard to both preparation and appli­cation, and knowledge of their chemical constitution [1]. They are made by heat­ing aromatic or heterocyclic compounds with sulfur or species that release sulfur. Sulfur dyes are classified by method of preparation as sulfur bake, polysulfide bake, and polysulfide […]

The sulfonic acids and sulfonyl chlorides, especially those of CuPc, are readily accessible. The sulfonic acids CuPc(SO3H)n with n=2, 3, or 4 were significant direct cotton dyes ( C. I. DirectBlue 86, 74186 and 87, 74200). The sulfonyl chlor­ides are intermediates in the production of various copper phthalocyanine color­ants [35, p. 259], [36, p. 192]. […]

The copper phthalocyanine derivatives are of major industrial importance as green dyes and organic pigments (halogenated products). The first phthalocya­nine dye was polysulfonated CuPc [25]. Since then, many patents describing var­ious phthalocyanine compounds have been registered [35]. Substituted phthalo­cyanine s are either accessible through synthesis from phthalocyanine derivatives (with the advantage of defined products) or […]

2.7.4.1 Copper Phthalocyanine Two processes are commonly used for the production of copper phthalocyanine: the phthalic anhydride-urea process patented by ICI [33,34] and the I. G. Farben dinitrile process [48]. Both can be carried out continuously or batchwise in a sol­vent or by melting the starting materials together (bake process). The type and amount of […]

The color of most Pc’s ranges from blue-black to metallic bronze, depending on the manufacturing process. Ground powders exhibit colors from green to blue. Most compounds do not melt but sublime above 200°C, which can be used for purification. H2Pc, CuPc, and halogenated phthalocyanines have very poor solubility in organic solvents. Only in some high-boiling […]

Phthalocyanine complexes have been synthesized with nearly all the metals of the periodic table [18,35,36]. Despite the apparently complex structure of the Pc system, it is formed in a single-step reaction from readily available starting mate­rials. The reaction is strongly exothermic. For example, the synthesis of CuPc from phthalodinitrile (4CgH4N2 + Cu <Pr> C32H16N8Cu) has […]

2.7.1 Introduction The term phthalocyanine was first used by R. P. Linstead in 1933 [1] to describe a class of organic dyes, whose colors range from reddish blue to yellowish green. The name phthalocyanine originates from the Greek terms naphtha for mineral oil and cyanine for dark blue. In 1930-1940, Linstead et al. elucidated the […]

As a class, the dyes are bright and strong, but are generally deficient in lightfast­ness. Consequently, they are used in outlets where brightness and cost-effective­ness, rather than permanence, are paramount, for example, the coloration of paper. Many dyes of this class, especially derivatives of pyronines (xanthenes) are among the most fluorescent dyes known (see later). […]