Лако-красочные материалы — производство

The costs and prices assumed for this calculation approximate the figures pre­vailing in 1913-1914 in a country with its own coal supply. The example is given solely to show the beginner how the cost price of a relatively simple azo dye is arrived at from many separate items. Appreciably higher prices prevailed in Switzerland in […]

The money value of world dye production is actually extremely small, corresponding in 1913 ( 500 million francs) to less than one-tenth of the value of wool production, less than one-fifth of cotton production, and about one-fifth of rubber production. Dye manufacturing was a highly competitive business, requiring expensive factories, and the ener­gy, intelligence, and […]

Wood assumes first place among the natural materials. It is used in making vats for dye manufacture, for stirring equipment, for frame­work, and particularly for the construction of factory buildings. In re­cent years, a trend has started toward the use of reinforced concrete for buildings in place of wood, and it remains to be seen […]

The most important of the nonmetal materials of construction are the cements and the stoneware products. Stoneware is the one usable material which has complete resistance to acids. To be sure, lead may be used in its stead in certain cases, but every plant chemist has found that even the most carefully leaded ap­paratus will […]

Iron is the most important construction material in the dye industry and is used in all possible types and forms. Cast iron is used for sulfonation and nitration vessels, as well as for evaporating apparatus, stopcocks, stirring mechanisms, autoclaves, and all apparatus for handling neutral or alkaline liquids. Still greater use of this valuable and […]

Because of the corrosive action of the chemicals used in the dye industry, careful consideration must be given to the construction ma­terials employed. The materials which can be used for a given purpose should be specified if possible, but frequently experience, or chemical sense, so to speak, must be relied upon. The materials of construction […]

Autoclaves, or pressure vessels, are used chiefly for reactions where the temperature exceeds the boiling point of one of the ingredients, or where gases, which are essential for the reaction, are evolved on heat­ing. In the dye industry, aqueous solutions and dnixtures are usually involved, but alcohol and alkyl chlorides also play an important part. […]

In the laboratory, the dye chemist uses a suction funnel and flask to separate solid materials from liquids. In the plant, however, such equipment is suitable only for filtering coarse precipitates which, even in thick layers, do not offer too much resistance to passage of the liquid. Fine precipitates — and this includes the great […]

K. VACUUM DISTILLATION IN THE LABORATORY AND PLANT Distillation under reduced pressure, or vacuum distillation, is one of the most important techniques in the dye field. Certain products are distilled under reduced pressure because they decompose at their boiling points under normal atmospheric pressure, while in other cases, vacuum distillation has other advantages. Thus, the […]

Monastral Fast Blue BS, Heliogen Blue В In a 500-cc. 3-necked flask, surrounded by an oil bath and equipped with thermometer, stirrer, and vertical tube, are placed 37 grams (0.25 mole) of phthalic anhydride, 40 grams of urea, 0.2 gram of ammonium molybdate, and 260 grams of 1,2,4-trichlorobenzene. The mixture is stirred vigorously and heated, […]