Лако-красочные материалы — производство

In recent years there has been growing commercial interest in compounds which absorb in the near-infrared region of the electromagnetic spectrum (i. e. beyond 750 nm), a region which formerly had been regarded mainly as a scientific curiosity, rather than offering practical application signifi­cance. Interest in this region emerged particularly as a result of the […]

There has been considerable effort over many years aimed at the develop­ment of the means to convert solar energy into electrical energy. The potential advantages of solar power are obvious. It utilises a non-dimin­ishing energy source and suffers little from the global environmental problems inherent in energy generation by nuclear fission or by the combustion […]

Lasers are devices which provide an intense, continuous source of ‘in­phase’ radiation. The term laser is an acronym referring to light amplifi­cation by stimulated emission of radiation. Traditional laser technology utilises a variety of inorganic materials to produce the required emission. Several different types of inorganic laser have been developed to emit either in the […]

Flat-screen displays, such as those used in miniature televisions and computer displays normally produce a multicolour effect by means of microcolour filters used together with thin film transistors and liquid crystals, commonly also with fluorescent back-lighting. Since the ob­server is directly viewing the source of the light, the process involves the use of additive colour […]

Liquid crystals, commonly referred to as the fourth state of matter, are materials which are intermediate in character between the solid and liquid states. Unlike normal isotropic liquids, they show some time — averaged positional orientation of the molecules, but they retain many of the properties of liquids, such as the ability to flow. In […]

The rapid advances in electronics technology which were a feature of the latter part of the 20th century have had an immense impact on our lives. The numerous examples of these developments include the growth in the ownership and in the sophistication of personal microcomputers, the wide range of electronically-controlled goods which are now commonplace […]

The chemistry of the most important dyes and pigments used in the coloration of traditional substrates, including textiles, paints, printing inks and plastics, has been dealt with extensively in the previous chapters of this book. It is likely that this range of well-established products will remain for the foreseeable future as the most important materials […]

Pearlescent pigments give rise to a white pearl effect often accompanied by a coloured iridescence. The most important pearlescent pigments consist of thin platelets of mica coated with titanium dioxide which partly reflect and partly transmit incident light. Simultaneous reflection from many layers of oriented platelets creates the sense of depth which is characteristic of […]

Metallic, pearlescent and fluorescent pigments are grouped together in this section as three types of pigment used for their ability to produce unusual optical effects. Metallic Pigments By far the most important metallic pigment is aluminium flake, C. I. Pigment Metal 1. The use of aluminium pigments to provide the commonly-observed metallic effect in car […]

Copper phthalocyanines, although generally regarded as classical or­ganic pigments, exhibit outstanding technical performance and so could equally well be described as high-performance organic pigments. This section contains a brief survey of a range of the organic pigments, encompassing a wide variety of structural types, which have been devel­oped in an attempt to match the properties […]