Лако-красочные материалы — производство

1.2.2.1 General Methods Sampling with a suitable device (beaker, sampling scoop) is applicable for solid mate­rials, especially pigments, fillers, and resins in powder, granular, or lump form. For standards, see Table 1.1 (“Sampling”). Standard climates are constant artificial climatic conditions with a defined temper­ature and humidity and limited ranges of air pressure and flow velocity. […]

The important physical data for inorganic pigments comprise not only optical con­stants, but also geometric data: mean particle size, particle size distribution, and particle shape [1.12]. The standards used for the terms that are used in this section are listed in Table 1.1 (“Particle size analysis”). The concept of particles and particle shape corresponds to […]

The following are the most common crystal classes: 1. Cubic: zinc blend lattice (e. g., precipitated CdS), spinel lattice (e. g., Fe3O4, CoAl2O4) 2. Tetragonal: rutile lattice (e. g., TiO2, SnO2) 3. Rhombic: goethite lattice (e. g., a-FeOOH) 4. Hexagonal: corundum lattice (e. g., a-Fe2O3, a-Cr2O3) 5. Monoclinic: monazite lattice (e. g., PbCrO4) In ideal […]

The industrial synthesis of inorganic pigments is strictly controlled by qualitative and quantitative chemical analysis in modern, well-equipped physicochemical test laboratories. Quantitative chemical and X-ray analysis is carried out on raw mate­rials, intermediates, and substances used for aftertreatment, but most importantly on the final products, byproducts, and waste products (wastewater and exhaust gas). This serves […]

1.2.1 Fundamental Aspects [1.6] 1.2.1.1 Chemical Composition With few exceptions, inorganic pigments are oxides, sulfides, oxide hydroxides, sili­cates, sulfates, or carbonates (see Tables 1.3 and 1.4), and normally consist of single­component particles (e. g., red iron oxide, a-Fe2O3 with well-defined crystal structures. However, mixed and substrate pigments consist of non-uniform or multicomponent particles. Mixed pigments […]

Notwithstanding that most inorganic pigments have been known for a very long time, new developments appear on the catwalk of colors. The so-called “high performance pigments” [1.1] show a lot of modern developments. Driven by environmental laws, even some of the former important inorganic pig­ments have had to be replaced. For example, red lead was […]

The most important areas of use of pigments are paints, varnishes, plastics, artists’ colors, printing inks for paper and textiles, leather decoration, building materials (ce­ment, renderings, concrete bricks and tiles, mostly based on iron oxide and chromium oxide pigments), imitation leather, floor coverings, rubber, paper, cosmetics, ceramic glazes, and enamels. The paint industry uses high-quality […]

1.1.2.1 Economic Aspects World production of inorganic pigments in 2000 was ca. 5.9 x106 t. About one-third ofthis total is supplied by the United States, one-third by the European Community, and one-third by all the remaining countries. The German pigment industry supplied about 40% of the world consumption of inorganic colored pigments, including about 50% […]

Inorganic pigments can be classified from various points of view. The classification given in Table 1.2 (for standards see Table 1.1, “Coloring materials, terms”) follows a system recommended by ISO and DIN; it is based on coloristic and chemical con­siderations. Further methods for classification are shown in Section 1.2.1. As in many classification schemes, there […]

Natural inorganic pigments have been known since prehistoric times. Over 60,000 years ago, natural ocher was used in the Ice Age as a coloring material. The cave paintings of the Pleistocene peoples of southern France, northern Spain, and north­ern Africa were made with charcoal, ocher, manganese brown, and clays, and must have been produced over […]